Lacrosse Essay Example For Students

Lacrosse Essay Lacrosse is one of many varieties of stickball games being played by American Indians when Europeans began coming to America. Almost totally a male team sport, it is different from the others, like field hockey or roller hockey, by the use of a netted racquet with which to pick the ball off the ground, catch and throw it into or past a goal to score a point. The rules of lacrosse are simply that the ball, with few exceptions, can not be touched with the hands. Early info on lacrosse, from missionaries like French Jesuits in Huron country, is vague and often different from source to source. Their information is mostly about team size, equipment used, and the length of games and length of playing fields but say very little about stick handling, game strategy, or the rules of play. The oldest sticks are from the first quarter of the nineteenth century, and the first detailed reports on Indian lacrosse are even later. George Beers provided good information on Mohawk playing techniques in his Lacrosse (1869), while James Mooney in the American Anthropologist (1890) described in detail the Eastern Cherokee Ball-Play, including its legend, rituals, and the rules and preparation for play. Given the little amount of info and vagueness of early instructions, we will probably never be able to reconstruct the history of the sport (darn J). Connecting it to the rubber-ball games of Meso-America or to an even older game using a single post covered by some animal hide and played together by men and women is likely, but not 100% positive. As can best be determined, the spread of lacrosse shows it to have been played throughout the eastern half of North America, mostly by tribes in the southeast, around the western Great Lakes, and in the St. Lawrence Valley area. Its presence today in Oklahoma and other states west of the Mississippi shows tribal rituals to those areas in the nineteenth century. Although stories exist of some form of lacrosse between northern California and British Columbia tribes, the late date brings the questions of any true link to the early sport. From the equipment, the type of goal used and the stick handling techniques, it is possible to figure three basic forms of lacrosse: the southeastern, Great Lakes, and Iroquoian. Among southeastern tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole, Yuchi and others (to many to type out)), a double-stick version of the game is still practiced. A two-and-a-half-foot stick is held in each hand, and the soft, small deerskin ball is caught and held in between them. Great Lakes players (Ojibwe, Menominee, Potawatomi, Sauk, Fox, Miami, Winnebago, Santee Dakota (again to many)) used a single three-foot stick. On the end is a round, closed pocket about three to four inches in diameter, not much larger than the ball, which was usually made of wood, charred and cut into shape. The northeastern stick, found in Iroquoian and New England tribes, is the progenitor of all present-day sticks, both in box as well as field lacrosse. The longest of any of them (usually more than three feet!) it was know by its shaft ending in a sort of bend and a large, flat triangular surface of webbing extending as much as two-thirds the length of the stick. Where strings meet the shaft, it forms the pocket of the stick. (Note: This is kinda odd because this stick required less skill then the other but yet the people who played with this stick could often beat the other teams)Lacrosse was given its name by early French settlers and explorers, using the generic term for any game played with a curved stick (crosse) and a ball. Native language, however, describe more the technique (Onondaga DEHUNTSHIGWAES, men hit a rounded object *grunt*) or, especially in the southeast, to show the games aspects of war strategy (little brother of war). There is no evidence of non-Indians taking up the game until the mid-nineteenth century, when English-speaking Montrealers adopted the Mohawk game they were familiar with from Caughnawauga and Akwesasne (tribes), attempted to civilize the sport with a new set o f rules and organize into amateur clubs. Once the game quickly grew in popularity in Canada, it began to be exported throughout the Commonwealth, as non-native teams traveled to Europe for exhibition matches against Iroquois players. Because Indians had to charge money in order to travel, they were excluded as professionals from international competition for more than a century L. Only with the creation of the Iroquois Nationals in the 1980s did they successfully break this barrier and become eligible to compete in World Games. .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 , .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .postImageUrl , .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 , .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2:hover , .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2:visited , .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2:active { border:0!important; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2:active , .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2 .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9d64af8402384feb69fbb97693d6ce2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Type of air pollution, formed when oxides of sulfu EssayApart from all the fun, lacrosse traditionally played a more serious role in Indian culture. Its beginnings are known only in legend, and the game continues to be used for sacred purposes and surrounded with ceremony. Conjurers still ritually prepare game equipment and players, and team selection and victory are often considered supernaturally controlled. In the past, lacrosse also served to vent aggression, and territorial disputes between tribes were sometimes settled with a game, although not always fairly. A Creek versus Choctaw game around 1790 to determine rights over a beaver pond broke out into a violent battl e when the Creeks were declared winners. Still, while the majority of the games ended peaceably, much of the ceremonialism surrounding their preparations and the rituals required of the players were identical to those practiced before departing on the warpath. So basically lacrosse is a good excuse to go out on the field and fight with other peoplecool!A number of reasons led to the fall of lacrosse in many areas by the late nineteenth century. Betting on games had always been integral to an Indian communitys involvement, but when betting and violence saw an increase as traditional Indian culture was eroding, it sparked opposition to lacrosse from government officials and missionaries. The games were felt to interfere with church attendance and the wagering to have an impoverishing effect on the Indians. When Oklahoma Choctaw began to attach lead weights to their sticks around 1900 to use them as skull-crackers, the game was outright banned. LOL!Meanwhile, the spread of non-native l acrosse from the Montreal area eventually led to its position today worldwide as one of the fastest growing sports (more than half a million players), controlled by official regulations and played with manufactured rather than hand-made equipmentthe aluminum shafted stick with its plastic head, for example. While the Great Lakes traditional game died out by 1950, the Iroquois and southeastern tribes continue to play their own forms of lacrosse. Oddly, the field lacrosse game of non-native women today most closely resembles the Indian game of the past, retaining the wooden stick, without the protective gear and specific sidelines of the mens game, and tending towards mass attack rather than field positions and off sides (thats what the game should be all about right?). In conclusion lacrosse is a decent game with an expansive background and requiring great skill (and courage could u imagine getting smacked in the head with one of those wooden balls!?). Bibliography:

How Does Technology Affect Todays Youth free essay sample

The young people of today are constantly using what some people call â€Å"technological advancements,† such as cell phones, X-Boxes, laptops, or iPods. But are these advancements a good thing? I think that the growth of technology has a negative influence on the social lives of today people, because it keeps people from experiencing reality and perpetuates the concept of immediate satisfaction. Technology is a negative influence on us because it separates us from reality. When you put on your headphones and listen to music in public, you disconnect yourself from reality. Some people think that the iPod is used so that you don’t have to deal with the bad factors of everyday life. By constantly being cut off from people and new experiences because of technology, our generation is dying in social life. If we never face reality by making personal relationships, experiencing things, and solving problems, we will never grow up and become adults. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Technology Affect Todays Youth? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The internet for say? It actually detracts the communication of society, especially the young. When our communication skills are weakened we spend less time talking to loved ones, feel more depressed and feel more stressed. In our teen years, lack of personal communication can affect our mental and physical health. Some people think that the internet has a positive effect on social life because it lets us form online friendships. But meeting a person on Facebook, Twitter, or Tiny Chat is dangerous because there are people on the internet who are a threat to young people. It is unhealthy to make and maintain all of your social interactions online. I believe that technology’s a negative impact on our future because it keeps us from the real world, lessens communication, and gives instant satisfaction. Society must be able to us technology and not allow it to destroy our social interactions. The world must be learn to use technology and not allow it to impact us negatively in the creation and functional adults in society.

Suffering in the ancient, Roman and Greek periods

Introduction Suffering has been conspicuous in human race for centuries. In fact, every human being has suffered in one way or another. Suffering crisscrosses all cultures of humankind. Suffering has no limit. To some people, it is part of life while to others it is a punishment from the gods. Besides, to some people it acts as a corrective measure while to other it acts as evil.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Suffering in the ancient, Roman and Greek periods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different people from diverse cultures define suffering in variant ways. However, the processes they undergo during suffering tend to converge. This paper will explore the theme of suffering in the ancient, Roman and Greek periods (Steiner, 1906, p. 1). Suffering Every human finds him/herself facing suffering. It comes with or without invitation. Suffering may come as a warning figure or as an enigmatic one. Suffering has tr oubled man since the beginning of the world. Based on different views, religious sectors have believed that suffering started with the sin of Adam in the garden of Eden. On the other hand, others have believed that it began with man once he came into being. However, one convergence is that suffering has formed part of human race ever since. Ancient people experienced suffering as well as the modern ones. In this regard, suffering has traversed humankind. Whenever people try to value life, they find it necessary to consider the input of suffering in it. Suffering has been considered as the eradicator of peace. Moreover, it has also been considered as a damper of hope and pleasure. However, it is necessary to note that world and cultural developments have worked to reduce human suffering (Reisinho, 2012, p. 1). Ways in which suffering is mirrored Ancient stories tell of individuals who suffered from many issues, which affected their physical conditions. Among these included Cicero and Philoctetes who experienced despair and depression in their public and private lives. Archeologists have also managed to prove conditions of suffering in the ancient worlds. They have unleashed a number of personal as well as environmental factors that contributed to suffering in ancient times. These included torture, mental anguish and depression, social and political oppression, physical handicap and chronic illnesses, among others. Notably, suffering was highly prevalent in ancient world since they experienced tyrannies, poor infrastructure, and mythical cultural aspects.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Suffering in Greek society was interpreted in many ways. For instance, Aeschylos, a tragedian saw it as a way of acquiring knowledge in ancient Greek. In essence, he saw it as something that brings both the benefit and detriment. In fact, Greek philosophers believed that suffering wa s experienced deeply by people who valued life. Moreover, Selenus found it wise for a man not to be born since it only brought him/her suffering. However, influence from religion also made some Greeks to accept suffering as part of life since sin, evil and suffering are bound together (Reisinho, 2012, p. 1). It can also be noted that in the ancient western culture, suffering was seen to result from a defective universe. In this regard, some theorists in that era thought that the universe had a defective nature and thus an evil quality. For instance, Hippocrates believed that this defective nature of the universe came about due to the differences between qualities and elements of space. On the other hand, Christians believed that suffering came from original sin. Still, other theorists like Manichees believed that suffering came about because the creator made derisory work by the creator he believed to be a demiurge. Again, others like Stoic refused to acknowledge the existence of su ffering. Furthermore, Galen and Aritole believed that suffering was felt by an emotional soul. In essence, the ancient, Greek, and Roman periods understood suffering in divergent ways ranging from discipline to defect, among others (Pilch, 1990, p. 1). Similarity and Differences Between Suffering in Ancient and Suffering in Modern World It can be noted that in all cases suffering was seen as evil in some quarters of the ancient world as is seen today. For instance, just as Hippocrates believed that it came because of defects in the universe, the modern world (which has grown to be materialistic) believe that people undergo suffering because of inadequacy in their efforts. Another similarity is evident in Rene Descartes’ argument that suffering could be good. This sentiment is shared by Aeschylos, who believed that suffering helped people to acquire knowledge. Religious world has not changed extensively as they share a common believe that through perseverance in suffering they will overcome evil. However, the contrasts have also risen over suffering. For instance, modern world oversaw the separation of body from Saul, in the process, categorizing suffering with the physical body. This was not common in the ancient world. Furthermore, Leibniz managed to make a distinction between bodily and ethical evil. In this regard, suffering was classified with physical evil as opposed to the ancient times when there was no separation (Reisinho, 2012, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Suffering in the ancient, Roman and Greek periods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Suffering has been understood with mixed reaction in humankind. While some sections have denied its existence, others have accepted it. On the other hand, those who have accepted it have also differed on its origin, ways of mitigation, and reason for being. However, religion has played a central role in it understandin g among other faithful. In addition, philosophers have also made steps in their discovery of its workings (Fiero, 2011, p. 15). References Fiero, G. K. (2011). The humanistic tradition, Book 1: The first civilizations and the classical legacy (6th. Ed). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Pilch, J. (1990). How We Redress Our Suffering: An Exercise in Actualizing Biblical Texts. Web. Reisinho, E. (2012). Life Is Cruel: Pain and Suffering. Web. Steiner, R. (1906). The Origin of Suffering: Origin of Suffering, Origin of Evil, Illness and Death. Retrieved from https://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA055/English/SBC1980/19061108p01.html This essay on Suffering in the ancient, Roman and Greek periods was written and submitted by user Ayla Brown to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog Education Testing123

Education Testing123 Does more equal better?   When it concerns students essay scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SATs), that may well be the case. Milo Beckman, a fourteen-year-old student at Stuyvesant High School in New York conducted a study among his peers after becoming frustrated with the scores he received on the exam. Beckman took the exam twice, and to his surprise, discovered that his second test scored higher than the first, although he deemed the first attempt to be superior in quality. The second essay he wrote was considerably longer, but not, in the students opinion, as well written. Beckman then polled 115 students who had taken the exam in his school, asking them to count the number of words they had written. The students who wrote lengthier essays almost always received a higher score, despite the quality of the content. Beckmans results were confirmed by MIT professor Les Pereleman. (Read the full story as first reported by Elisabeth Leamy of ABCs Good Morning America here.) In other testing news, it is not just students who are being graded. Increasingly, teachers are being held accountable for the performance of their students. Houston, Texas is the latest city to announce that teachers jobs will no longer rely solely on evaluations by their principals. Until this year, 99% of teachers received satisfactory performance scores based on personal reviews. However, now student test scores will play a much greater role in deciding who is hired and fired.

What are the elements of a binding contract Essay

What are the elements of a binding contract - Essay Example For the purpose of this analysis, it will be assumed that all parties are not minors, do otherwise have contractual capacity, and that none of the acts being negotiated are contrary to the law. It is worth noting that in all three cases, the parties involved failed to commit their agreements to written form. Though verbal contracts are technically enforceable, the proof is hard to come by unless two disputing parties manage to agree to the facts. The elements in each case will be evaluated against the standard of contract validity.Question 1. In Chong vs. Lee, the first and foremost finding is that a contract never existed. Their agreement fails in every way to meet the legal definition of a contract because of fundamental defects, so there was no contractual agreement to breach or sue to enforce.Way Lee offered to sell five reconditioned motorbikes to Chong for a set price, but Chong didn't accept Lee's offer; he deferred his answer indefinitely, saying he would "think about it." No contractual agreement was created at that time because there was an offer but no acceptance, and both elements must be present to create a valid contract.When Chong wrote to Lee a week later, he included additional sale conditions, specifically regarding painting the bikes. No contractual agreement was achieved in this instance, either. By changing the terms of Lee's original offer, Chong was effectively making a counteroffer, and implicit in a counteroffer is a declination of the original offer, which then ceases to exist (Graw, 2002). The Postal Rule states that an acceptance is considered conveyed and takes effect at the time it is deposited in a valid postal receptacle or given to a legitimate postal worker properly prepared for posting. A contract would have been formed even if the letter had never been received by the other party. See Adams v. Lindsell (1818). But that rule would not apply here, the main reason being that the letter Chong posted was not a simple acceptance of the original offer, but a counteroffer, and Lee could not have been presumed to have agreed to it without any knowledge of it. Even if Chong's letter had been a simple acceptance of the original offer, a question would have arisen as to whether Lee had intended his original offer to Chong to remain good for a week or whether such a length of time would be deemed reasonable by a judge. It appears from the fact that Lee sold the bikes to other parties that he considered a week too long. Chong clearly believed that he had an agreement with Lee after he posted the letter, and he relied on that belief when creating contracts of his own with other parties to whom he planned to on-sell the bikes. If a contract had existed at that point with Lee, the fact that Chong relied on it would have prevented its revocation or modification. See Drennan v. Star Paving (1958). As it is, Chong is still obligated to perform under his agreement with the other parties, with whom binding contracts appear to have been created, even if he has to find another source for reconditioned bikes of the same type in the appropriate colors and/or pay a different price for them. If he fails to do so, these parties could successfully bring a breach of contract suit against Chong. The conclusion regarding an action by Chong against Lee for breach of contract is that it would fail because Lee was not a party to any valid contractual agreement with Chong at any time. Question 2. In Jones vs. Jimmy and Lee, the most important aspect of the case in the beginning is that Jimmy was not present when Fred Lee offered Jimmy's services to Norah Jones, so at that

Mining Minerals From Seawater By Damian Palin Essay

Mining Minerals From Seawater By Damian Palin - Essay Example The rest of the part would involve the user shaking and shake. The presentation was interesting since the speaker encouraged the audience that it is possible to use one paper towel. Inventing is the easy part by Daniel Schnitzer. In the presentation, Daniel Schnitzer explains how solar products, made in a small-scale, can be helpful. He gives examples of the solar products as LED light bulbs that are powered using solar power. According to him, the invention of the solar panel, as a source of power could change the living standards the rural part of Haitians. However, he found that the value of the invention could rarely sell to the people. Schnitzer also explained the importance of the invention, concerning health and energy. It would be helpful for the developing world in when it receives a high market value. From the presentation, Daniel Schnitzer clarifies that the world, in the course of development, should effectively embrace technological dissemination. Of importance in his pr esentation is the emphasis on the efficiency of his invention over the other forms of energy as kerosene and paraffin. This would support the revolution through transforming the world. According to Daniel Schnitzer, the high cost of the technology would not allow it to dominate the market. Despite that, the invention would be affordable when considering the standards of the western society. Showing the audience, the invented gadget in his presentation, was an effective way of enhancing the presentation.

Health Assessment Across The Lifespan Health And Social Care Essay

Health Assessment Across The Lifespan Health And Social Care Essay In nursing, there are techniques used to perform a physical examination of the various body systems of clients across the lifespan. The ultimate goal is to examine the social, cultural, political and economic factors which have effects on the assessment of health across the lifespan. Assessment is the systematic or the unsystematic gathering of relevant information, making analysis and judgment based on the available information (World Health Organization, 1999 p.90). For purposes of this project, three different clients will be chosen across the lifespan. Consequently an infant, a young adult, and an elderly client will be assessed. 2. Assessment Of An Infant An infant belongs to an age group in the population that has greater health care needs. However, does not imply that a community with a large population of infants will necessarily allocate resources to take care of this group (Wise, 2009, p. 127). The community may opt to invest the available resources to maintain the health of adults who have the ability to work and take care of the dependent group. The following are factors that have impacts on the assessment of the health of an infant. a) Social factors Social factors have an impact on the assessment of the health of an infant. Social factors include social networks. An infant is brought up in a family which is the basic unit of society. There are elements that can be considered when describing social cohesion which affects the way an infant develops in terms of health (Phelps, 2003, p. 234). The family has friendship networks that provide emotional support which is fundamental to the well being of the infant. The family and the community at large provide the right environment for an infant to grow in health (World Health Organization, 1999, p. 89). The provision of basic necessities is realized within the social setting. Love and care from the family enhances the well being of an infant. Social factors have positive and negative effects on the health of an infant. The provision of basic necessities such as food, shelter, clothing and access to medical services impacts positively on the health of an infant. An infant who grows up in a social environment where the family strives to give the infant basic needs ultimately has good health (Galabuzi, 2002, p. 68). However, where such social factors are absent, the infants health will be impacted negatively. In such a case, the infant may develop illnesses due to lack of parental care. Again the child may suffer neglect if the family does not care. There are many cases of infant neglect which results in poor health in an infants life (Mooney, 2000, p. 156). b) Cultural factors Cultural factors have an impact on the health assessment of an infant. Culture refers to the integrated patterns of behavior of human beings. Culture includes the language, customs, values, beliefs, thoughts, actions, communications and institutions of social, racial, ethnic and religious groups (Galabuzi, 2002, p. 73). In sum, health care becomes a cultural construct that arises from the communitys beliefs concerning the nature of the human body diseases (Gray, Clarke, Wolstenholme, Wordsworth, 2010, p 116). Cultural factors are central when it comes to the delivery of healthcare services in this case administering treatment and offering preventive interventions. Cultural beliefs influence how a family takes care of the health of an infant who is not aware of the culture. For example, breastfeeding beliefs by mothers significantly affect the health of an infant. Medically, an infant is supposed to be breastfed for the first six months of life. However, it is notable that due to som e cultural beliefs this may not be the case. Again, it is family especially the mother who determine whether an infant is ill and when to seek medical help (Phelps, 2003, p. 200). Cultural factors have positive and negative effects on the health of an infant. There is a need for the family to understand, value and incorporate cultural factors that will enhance the well being of an infant. In so doing, the infant will grow up with unimpeachable health. On the other hand, cultural factors can have negative effects on the health of an infant. There are cases where the family cultural orientation interferes with the health of an infant. For instance, cultural beliefs that discourage breastfeeding affect an infants immune system (Wise, 2009, p. 120). The infants immune system weakens and thereby the ability of the infant to fight diseases. It is vital to embrace cultural factors that respond appropriately the health of an infant. c) Political Factors The political environment in which an infant develops has effects on its health assessment. The political landscape determines how a family and society at large will look after an infant. The politics of the day affect the health policies put in place to ensure that an infant gets the right healthcare services to steer its development (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.89). Also, factors such as political strife where there is war and leadership wrangles mean that there is no time to formulate laws and mechanisms that will benefit the health of the infant (Berk, 1993, P. 90). In addition, a political factor such as war disrupts the family unit where the infant may be separated from the family. In such a scenario, the infant will not get the necessary provision and health care needed for growth and development. On the positive side, when there are suitable political factors such as peace and instability, the family is able to nurture an infant and take care of the health developme nt. c) Economic Factors The well being of an infant is enhanced by economic factors. An infant is dependent on the family unit for provision (Wilkinson, Marmot, 1998, p.198). The provision comes from income that the parents get when they work. The levels of employment and unemployment are fundamental where the health of an infant is concerned. The level of income has a direct influence on the health of an infant. It affects the ability of the family in choosing a healthy lifestyle for the infant. In addition, it gives them the power to access healthcare services for the infant. The availability of resources in an economy to satisfy the needs of a family therefore is essential (World Health Organization, 1999, p.100). Disparities exist between infants whose parents are economically stable and those that are not. Where the family is poor, the infant cannot get adequate healthcare which results in the deterioration of the overall health. However, with adequate income, it is possible to access the best healthc are services for the infant. 3. Assessment Of A Young Adult A young adult refers to a person who is between the ages of twenty to forty years of age. In general, a young adult has good health. The physical performance and biological function have their peak at this particular age. Young adults are normally the dependants in society because the other lifespan depends on them. The following factors are assessed to have impacts of the health of young adults. a) Social Factors Young adults health is impacted by several social factors. A young adult who has strong family and community have better health than one who is isolated. Social cohesion is a factor that affects the health of a young adult (Galabuzi, 2002, p. 68). The fact that such an individual exists in a society means that they will connect with other people who ensure that they are well in terms of health. A family that cares will not hesitate to ensure that the young adult is in good health (Phelps, 2003, p. 215). Another social factor that impacts on the health of the young adult is education. Health education cannot be overemphasized in the life of a young adult. Being an active member of society with so much on their shoulders, there is a need to take care of their health. When a young adult is educated in healthcare matters, such an individual cannot neglect their health. Again, the young adult is a position to get the best health services (Mooney, 2000, p. 150). Other social factors that impact on the health of the young adult are behavioral. Social behaviors such as smoking and drinking of excess alcohol is rampant in this life span (Drummond, 2005, p 210). These habits have negative implications on the health of the young adult. These include the development of chronic diseases. b) Cultural Factors Culture as stated above is a description of the patterns of behaviors and beliefs of a people. A young adults culture impacts on how he or she will respond to any perceived disease symptoms and illnesses (Wilkinson, Marmot, 1998, p.200). Health practices in the life of a young adult have changed tremendously over the years. For example, different cultures have diverse eating habits. There are cultural beliefs that prohibit the eating of certain kinds of foods because they believe such food may affect their health. In some cultures the young adult is not supposed to eat certain animal foods because of the taboos that the society perceives to be right (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.74). In the end, the young adult in this case ends up missing essential nutrients that are suitable for maintaining good health. Furthermore, there are certain cultures that do not believe in the modern ways of maintaining health. For example, a culture that does not believe in medication diminishes the chances of better health when diseases strike (Drummond, 2005, p 208). However, there are cultural belief systems that support the well being of its young adults and ensure that only the cultural constructs that influence the well being of the young adult are utilized (Gray, Clarke, Wolstenholme, Wordsworth, 2010, p 120). The culture of a society is an underestimated determinant of the young adults health and well-being. c) Political Factors The politics of the social environment impact on health. The political class normally has an agenda for the development of the population. In this regard, the government will enact laws and policies regarding the health care system (Phelps, 2003, p. 167). The healthcare system of a country determines the well being of the citizens in terms of health. Therefore, it is crucial that the necessary mechanisms are put in place to achieve this goal. A young adult in a political setting where there is an attempt to avail health services will attain better health standards. Peace and stability in the political system ensures the young adult can access health services at their convenience (Berkman Glass, 2000, p. 153). d) Economic Factors The attainment of healthcare by a young adult is dependent on economic factors. Economic factors range from employment to availability of resources. The level of income determines the quality of healthcare a young adult is bound to get in the health industry (Pattie, Gilleard, 1979, p 83). Where the young adult has a decent job, the job may come with a healthcare package that helps them whenever there health issues arise. The provision of health insurance by the employment company is thus paramount. Also, the accessibility of healthcare becomes easy with a stable economy (World Health Organization, 1999, p 78). Unemployment on the other hand leads to inaccessibility of health services because a young adult who is unemployed cannot afford them. Another economic factor that impacts on the young adults health is location. The economic status of a locality determines the kind health services that will be available (Drummond, 2005, p 205). For example, a young adult who lives in a locali ty where the economy is low is likely to get poor health services because such services are the only ones available. 4. Assessment Of The Elderly Client As the infant client discussed above, the elderly client has numerous health care needs. This client belongs to a group of people who are ageing. Therefore, a lot attention is paid to innovative means of helping the elderly client retain physical, mental abilities and independence. This in return maximizes the elderly clients contribution to the society and economy (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.57). There is a need to understand the social, cultural, political and economic factors that impact on the health of an elderly client. a) Social Factors There are social factors that impact on the health of the elderly client. In fact, there exist demographic as well as social changes which impact on the health of the elderly client. One of the social factors is change in the family set up. An elderly person requires a strong social network (Wise, 2009, p. 121). This implies that the family unit should take care of the elderly by showing them affection and love. This may not be the case because other social factors come into play disrupting the social connectivity. For example, migration of family members is a social factor that impacts on the health of the elderly client. When children in a family grow up, they normally migrate and settle in other places (Wilkinson, Marmot, 1998, p.192). This leaves the elderly client with minimal social support which negatively impact on their health. Where the elderly client is economically unstable, he or she cannot provide the basics of life such as food. The absence of love and care for the elderly person leads to a compromise on his or her health. With the absence of social ties that provide basic needs to the elderly person the status of his health becomes poor. Social alienation or seclusion negatively affects the health of the elderly client (Phelps, 2003, p. 212). This normally happens where the social set up does not interact with the elderly client. This way, the elderly client feels withdrawn and can develop illnesses. b) Cultural Factors Cultural factors can impact on the assessment of the health of the elderly client. Culture as has been defined in the above discussion means the integration of patterns human being behavior. Incorporated in culture are customs, beliefs, values, language, thoughts, actions, and communications of various groups. In essence health care is constructed by the culture of a people (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.62). Cultural factors influence the delivery of healthcare services. Cultural beliefs determine how the health of the elderly person is administered. In this paper, the elderly person is aware of the cultural orientation of the society concerning healthcare. Some of the cultural beliefs are good and in particular those that boost the health of the client such as eating certain kinds of medicinal traditional foods (Barer, Marmor 1994, p. 80). It is notable that the elderly client may have preconceived notions where healthcare is concerned. The elderly client has a belief in the traditional system of healing and is not ready to accept the western mode of treatment when he or she is not in good health. This greatly impacts on the health of the client especially where the traditional medicine fails (Mooney, 2000, p.105). There are other cultural factors such as taboos where there restrictions on the intake of certain types of foods. Some of the food types that are restricted are important in strengthening and maintaining the health of the elderly client. The quality of life of the elderly client has effects on the health status. The elderly client should live in good housing conditions with social amenities such as water and hospitals (Gray, Clarke, Wolstenholme, Wordsworth, 2010, p 116). c) Political Factors Every society cannot be devoid of politics. Political factors in a society have both positive and negative impact on the health of the elderly client. They enhance social stability whereby the family set up is secure and can take care of the client. This in turn facilitates the peaceful coexistence within a family and the subsequent care improves the health of the elderly (Pattie, Gilleard, 1979, p 45). Political stability ensures the setting up of health facilities as one of the policies implemented by the government (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.59). In addition, there is enough time to deal with health matters unlike in times of political turmoil when the state concentrates more on peace building other than the health of the citizens. d) Economic Factors To assess the economic factors that impact on the health of the elderly client, is important to look at employment. The elderly client may be employed or unemployed. The age of the client affects their performance at work. Work on the other hand affects the health of the client. Economic factors may force the elderly client to be employed even when their age dictates otherwise (Wilkinson, Marmot, 1998, p.205). The nature of work given to the elderly person should be put into consideration. Too much work leads to a decline in health. There are age-related changes which impair performance and may in the long run harm the health of the client. Some of the changes that occur in the elderly client are a decline in cardiovascular, muscular and respiratory functions (Phelps, 2003, p. 198). Vision and hearing can also be impaired. Economic stability of the elderly client ensures that he or she is in a position to access the basic necessities of life. It also helps them to afford appropriate healthcare. 5. Summary In summary, the examination of the social, cultural, political and economic factors which have impacts on the assessment of health across the life span show important results. Across the lifespan, from infant, to the young adult and finally the elderly client the factors the impacts are evident. There are similarities as well as differences on how each of the factors impact on the three subjects of the lifespan. It is notable that some factors have direct impacts while others affect the subject differently. For instance, all the factors indirectly impact on the health of the infant. It is the family that takes care of the infant. The infants health therefore is dependent on the actions of the parents or the social setting. Therefore the social, cultural, political and economic factors that impact on the health of the infant in the assessment directly affect the family and the infant indirectly. The young adult has a greater responsibility in dealing with the impacts of the above factors. This is because the infant and the elderly client are dependent on the young adult. The young adult has the burden of taking care of their health as well as that of the infant and the elderly client against the negative effects of the factors discussed above.